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=__ The Top 20 Important Figures of The Civil War __=
 * ====Numbered in order of significance==== || ==== Important Figures in the Civil War ==== || ==== Descriptions/facts linked to the Civil War ==== || ==== Support of War ==== ||
 * ====1==== || ====Abraham Lincoln==== || ====As the president of the United States (Union) he acted as the commander in chief of almost all matters regarding making decisions for the Civil War. He was also responsible for spurring the intial conflict itself when he rejected the last minute compromises. He profoundly supported civil rights, thus worked hard towards establishing the 13th amendment and of course, the emancipation proclamation itself. This also shifted the balance of war since the population of blacks sided with the North.==== || ==== Union ==== ||
 * ====2==== || ==== Gen. Robert E. Lee ==== || ==== As the head general of the Confederate States of America and the man of Virginia, he led the Confederates into many victories against the Union troops, despite absolute disadvanageous conditions the Confederates had. General Robert E. Lee was known for his warm heart and passion for his people, and his experience of war tactics was outstanding. In many battles he proved his outstanding talent. He was also aquainted with many of the generals of the Union, thus he was respected although he was the head of the opposing side of war, and he was spared in Wilmor McClean's parlor after confronting General Grant. ==== || ==== Confederate ==== ||
 * ====3==== || ====Gen. Ulysses S. Grant==== || He was mainly a military general of the Union. The climax of his performance during the civil war era was most evident towards the second half of the battle. He used decent and smart tactics to finally lead the Union to end the war. Although he was respected and honored in the North, he was also often depicted as a cruel man who did not care about the loss of young lives. He, as a military general, thought that casualties in wars are indeed terrible, but are the fundamentals and necessary sacrifices to proceed the war, and to end the war swiftly. || Union ||
 * ====4==== || ==== Gen. Thomas Jackson ==== || ==== He was intially nicknamed Stonewall Jackson because of his bravery at the battle of Bull Run, when he stood firm at the face of his enemies until the reinforcements arrived and were able to make a good performance of war. He was also the "right arm" of General Robert E. Lee, and supported him in countless battles against the Union. However, during the Battle of Chancellorsville, he was shot by his own troops during a patrol at nighttime. CSA won that war, but Robert E. Lee mourned for the loss of the important person. Jackson died of wound complication. (infection) ==== || Confederate ||
 * ====5==== || ==== General P.G.T Beauregard ==== || He led the Confederate troops during the first couple wars. Also, he is remembered as the general who, by the order of president Jefferson Davis (CSA President), struck Fort Sumter in Charleston and attacked the Union's supply ship because it was in South territory. This led Lincoln to call for people to war, which caused the Upper South to secede from the Union, and it completely set the stage for war. Although he won the First Battle of Bull Run, he was relieved of his command after a few defeats. || Confederate ||
 * ====6==== || ==== General George B. McClellan ==== || ==== He was made commander of the Union Army and led many battles to victory. However, compared to his talents and status, he could not fulfill his duty properly. Although he was a talented military strategist, he lacked the confidence and foresight to execute an action. He often hesitated to make an order to his troops to attack, which often led to actually buying Confederates more time to prepare for war, and even escape time to time hardships and disadvantageous moments. Abraham Lincoln thus took away his command and gave it to another general. McClellan ran for president against Lincoln during towards the end of civil war, but Lincoln unfortunately dominated the electoral votes. ==== || Union ||
 * 7 || Gen. Albert Sidney Johnston || As one of the most first chosen generals of the Confederate States of America by Jefferson Davis (before presence of Robert E. Lee), he supported various generals such as P.G.T. Beauregard, Robert E. Lee, and General Joseph E. Johnston. He faced the defeat in Southwestern Tennessee in the Battle of Shiloh, the bllodiest battle of North American continent to that time. He also met his death at the battle. David believed that the loss of Johnston was the shifting point of Confederates' fate. || Confederate ||
 * ====8==== || ====President Jefferson Davis==== || ==== Elected after the Lower South seceded from the North, he acted as the commander in chief for the Confederates army and was also sparked the war by showing hostility towards Abraham Lincoln's representative supply ship to Fort Sumter. He also neglected the last minute compromises, although Lincoln prevented them from becoming Jefferson's choice to option. ==== || Confederate ||
 * ====9==== || ==== Gen James Longstreet ==== || ==== He was also known as a bulldog, the staff in Lee's right hand, and the Old War-Horse because he was strong in his military service. He was closely associated to Robert E. Lee, especially after Jackson's death, he replaced Jackson as Lee's right arm and supported him with loyalty. However, suprisingly enough, he was shot by his own troops near the same place Jackson was shot by his own private soldiers. General Robert E. Lee was terrified when he heard this news. He proposed that God isn't helping him and that was the point when Lee began to make hesitant decisions in upcoming battles, which shifted the fide of war. ==== || Confederate ||
 * ====10==== || ==== Colonel John S. Ford ==== || ==== Before he served in the Confederacy, he was in the Texas congress and accomplished the annexation of Texas. He was also involved in and led the last battle of the American Civil War, the battle of Palmito Ranch, near Rio Grande, Texas. He led the the small number of Confederates well to yield only five casualties and caused over a 120 loss for the Union. Although the battle did not affect the process of war at all and was a waste of lives, Colonel Ford demonstrated his loyalty for the South. He even abandoned his army a few days after the battle to avoid a formal surrender. ==== || Confederate ||
 * ====11==== || Harriet Beecher Stowe || As a prominent, leading northern abolitionist and novelist who was the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, she aimed to benefit the living conditions of slaves and worked to abolish slavery. Her novel depicted the ideal cruelty of slavery in the South and provoked many Northerners to show hostility against Southern tradition. It spurred back and forth conflict among Northern and Southern Media, which was really the paramount cause of the Civil War. When she met Abraham Lincoln, he was fascinated to believe that such an ordinary, young woman was capable of spurring on this dreadful conflict. || Union ||
 * ====12==== || ==== Gen. John Pope ==== || ====Appointed after General McClellan was relieved of his command, Lincoln trusted him to do a better job executing the order. Although John Pope performed greatly regarding tactics and strategies in battles, he was unfortunately no match for Robert E. Lee's wit. During the Second Battle of Bull Run in Manassas, Virginia, Lee succesfully used deception to conquer the outnumbering army. When Jackson struck Pope from behind and spoiled some of Pope's supplies, he immediately shifted direction to go after Jackson. Lee then attacked from the other side of the army and eventually pursued a circle attack. The Union thus lost the second battle of Manassas, and Pope, of course, lost his command after leading tons of his troops to annihilation.==== || Union ||
 * ====13==== || ==== Gen. J.E.B. Stuart ==== || ==== Before the Civil War erupted he was ent to crush the uprising of psychopathic John Brown's outrageous rebellions and actions. He later supported the Confederates in War and mainly supported General Robert E. Lee in many batles, including the Battle of Chancellorsville in Spotsylvania County, where both General Jackson and Longstreet were shot by his own soldiers. However, J.E.B. Stuart shared the glory of victory since it was the most brilliant one for Lee regarding his clever tactics. He also mastered the art of cavalry tactics and used it well especially during the Peninsula and Marland Campaign when he surrounded the opposition. (Army of Potomac) ==== || Confederate ||
 * ====14==== || ==== Ambrose Burnside ==== || One of the most known ignorant generals in the Civil War, replaced General McCllelan when Abraham Lincoln lost his patience from witnessing the inability to execute the orders when they are required to be done. Since Burnside was known as a manly general who issued orders at will when necessary. However, he greatly dissapointeed all of North after he issued foolish orders of direct, meaningless charges against Confederates' line of defense and gunpoints. After he led outrageous amount of soldiers to be mowed down by CSA bullets during the battle of Fredericksburg, he resigned to demonstrate his sorrow and apology for his hesitant actions. || Union ||
 * ====15==== || Gen. George Henry Thomas || As one of the most prominent colonels and generals of the Confederacy, he led many battles, especially the Army of Tennessee. He had a repuation as a slow general who neglected advancements and promotions in military positions when he thought it was an act agains his standards of morality. However, with loyalty to the Northern States he supported General Grant and Sherman. || Union ||
 * ====16==== || Frederick Douglas || One of the most known black figures relating to the civil war, he lived his life as prominent abolitionist who swayed the crowds' emotions and easily convinced them with his great rhetorical speeches. He lifted the atmosphere of the African Americans during the civil war and drove them to desire for freedom and equality. Not only he gave hope to the African American population, he gathered much support for abolitionism and rights for women. He helped cause the Civil War itself. || Union ||
 * ====17==== || William Techumseh Sherman || Known to be one of the the most competant and heroic generals of the Union, he used his military skills to serve the ARmy of the Tennessee alongside Ulysses Grant. He was also involved in he Battle of Shiloh, witnessing the the bloodiest battle of North America. He later participated in the seige of Vicksburg and played a great role in capturing the trade routes and the city of Jackson before the siege. He was also involved in the Atlanta Campaign and led the wesetern army into capturing Atlana in 1864, which spurred debate among the South to consider terms of surrender. Many generals such as Joe Johnston surrendered to him. || Union ||
 * ====18==== || ==== Gen. Irvin Mcdowell ==== || ==== He led the FIrst Battle of Bull Run, the first large scale American Civil War. After the defeat however, he cmmanded the army to defend the city of Washington, lead the Army of the Potomac, and fought in he Peninsula Campaign. He also co-commanded many battles alongsideJohn Pope, the Army of Virginia, John, C. Fremont, and Nathaniel P. banks. His role in the Cedar Mountain promoted him to become one of the most prominent generals of the Union regular army, but after he was blamed for the defeatat the Second Bull Run, he was mostly relieved of his command. ==== || Union ||
 * ====19==== || George Pickett || He was a Virginian man who later became a major Union General. Famous for his Pickett's charge during the battle of Gettysburg, he performed a great act when he commanded the army of 350 to charge across the plain to cover for the empty ground where Confederate troops were feasible from rushing and breaking the Union's line of defense. He fought hard during the three days of one of the most famous battles of the American Civil War, supporting General Goerge Gorden Meade. He was crucial in organizing various formations that were essential during each day of the three days in the war. He played a major role to lead this war to victory, which shifted the balance of war to the North. || Union ||
 * ====20==== || ==== Gen. William S. Rosecrans ==== || By leading his army to victory in the battle of Murfreesboro, he boosted the morale of the Northerners and covered the unfortunate loss during the previous battle of Fredericksburg. He was also he victor at prominent Western Theater battles and supported General Grant in he batles of luka and Corinth. He was also given command of the Army of the Cumberland, and he's famously knwon for confronting Braxton Bragg at the Stones River Battle. After his defeat at the battle Battle of Chikamauga, he was relieved of his command. || Union ||

Reference: The US History Textbook Home of the American Civil War- http://www.civilwarhome.com/ PBS Civil War- http://www.pbs.org/civilwar/war/biographies/barton.html [] = __ Battles of The Civil War in Chronological Order __ =






 * Date and Location || Battle || Outcome (Victory) || Soldiers/Generals involved in war (Union v.s. Confederacy) || Significant Facts ||
 * 1861, April 12-13: Charleston, South Carolina || Battle of Fort Sumter  || Confederacy  || Major Robert Anderson VS. General P.G.T Beauregard  || When the fort surrendered, Lincoln called for troops from the Union to recapture the federal property. This led the upper southern states, Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas to join the CSA.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1861 July 21: Manassas, Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">First Battle of Bull Run (First Battle of Manassas)  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Confederacy  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Irvin McDowell VS. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard+ Gen. Thomas Jackson + Gen. Joseph E. Johnston  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">First time in history that troops were moved by train (when approx. 11,000 additional confederate troops were supplemented by Johnston).  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, February 6: Western Tennessee || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Fort Henry  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ulysses S. Grant VS. Gen. Lloyd Tilghman  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Conquering Fort Henry gave the Union open traffic of Tennessee River past Alabama.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, February 11-16: Western Tennessee || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Forn Donelson  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ulysses S. Grant VS. John B. Floyd + Simon Bolivar Buckner  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">The two battles (Henry, Donelson) cause a sensation in the Union and CSA. Northerners rejoiced at the triumph as the South worried that the loss of the two forts exposed the South for further offense.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, April 6-7: Southwestern Tennessee || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Shiloh (Battle of Pittsburg Landing)  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Gen. Do Carlos Buell VS. Gen. Albert Sidney Johnson, P.G.T. Beauregard  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Bloodiest battle of North American continent to that time. The battle took away glory of war, and destroyed the Northerners’ hope to end the war swiftly.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, March 8-9: Hampton Roads (near Chesapeake Bay), Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Hampton Roads (Monitor Vs. Merrimack)  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Monitor VS. Merrimack  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">The first encounter of ironclad fleets changed the history of warfare. From then on, wooden navies became obsolete.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, May 31, June 1: Henrico County, Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Seven Pines  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">General George B. McClellan VS. General Joseph E. Johnston  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">As both sides had drastic casualties, Joseph Johnston (CSA) was heavily wounded and Robert E. Lee took over command of the Confederates Army.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, June 25-July 1: Richmond, Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Seven Days Battles  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Confederacy  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. George B. McClellan VS. Gen. Robert E. Lee, Gen. Stonewall Jackson  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">General Jackson pretended to prepare an attack on Washington, which made Lincoln cancel McClellan’s reinforcements, keeping them in Washington to defend. Then, Jackson joined Lee near Richmond and counterattacked McClellan in a series of battles. Casualties on both sides were massive.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, August 29-30: Manassas, Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Second Battle of Bull Run  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Confederacy  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. John Pope VS. Gen. Stonewall Jackson, Gen. Robert E. Lee  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Lee divided his army, and sent one of them with Jackson to strike Pope from behind and destroy the Union’s supplies. When enraged Pope ordered his troops to go after Jackson, Lee joined the attack on Pope from the other side. The Union met the same fate as the First Battle of Bull Run.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, Sept. 17: Sharpsburg, Maryland (Antietam Creek) || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Antietam  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. McClellan VS. Gen. Robert E. Lee  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">September 17, 1862 was the bloodiest day of Civil War; the Union suffered 12,000 casualties as the Confederates lost 14,000 troops. Although Lincoln ordered McClellan to pursue and destroy the rest of the CSA army, the over-cautious general did not take his favorable chances. Thus, he was relieved of his command.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, December 11-15: Fredericksburg, Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Fredericksburg  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Confederacy  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ambrose Burnside VS. Gen. Robert E. Lee  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Burnside’s plan of crossing the Rappahannock River right in front of Lee’s forces instead of moving out of range to possibility surprise the CSA army stunned Lee with Burnside’s ignorance. After Lee let the army cross, Burnside ordered multiple direct charges of troops that more than half of them were annihilated. The Union lost around 13,000 men, as CSA only lost over 5,000. Burnside was relieved of his command.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1862, Dec. 31 - 1863, Jan. 2: Middle Tennessee || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Murfreesboro  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. William S. Rosecrans VS. Gen. Braxton Bragg  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">By winning this battle, it boosted morale of the Union since the defeat at Battle of Fredericksburg.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1863, April 30 - May 6: Spotsylvania County, Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Chancellorsville  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Confederacy  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Joseph Joe Hooker VS. Gen. Robert E. Lee, Gen. J.E.B. Stuart. Gen. Stonewall Jackson  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Although it was the most brilliant victory of Lee, because of the darkness of the night, Jackson’s own troops shot him multiple times, leading him to die in wound complication. Lee lost his “strong right arm.”  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1863, July 1 - 3: Gettysburg, Pennsylvania || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Gettysburg  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. George Gordon Meade, Gen. George Pickett VS. Robert E. Lee, Gen James Longstreet  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Often depicted as the war’s turning point (shifting the balance to the North), the Union army defeated the Confederates in the battles of varying formations for each side on each of the three days. 15,000 CSA troops were obliterated during the Pickett’s Charge. The casualties were the largest in the American Civil War: 23000/85000 of the Union army perished, as 28000/75000 was lost in the Confederates’ side.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1863, May 16 - July 4: Vicksburg, Mississippi || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Siege of Vicksburg  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ulysses S. Grant VS. John Pemberton  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">When Grant realized that he couldn’t conquer the stronghold of Vicksburg after multiple attempts to capture it, Grant marched south along the Mississippi and crossed the river at Bruinburg on April 30th, then moved northeast to capture the state capital, Jackson. Grant then forced Pemberton to surrender after months of siege. On July 4th, the North celebrated not only the crucial victory of this battle, but also the Independence Day since 87 years ago. It marked the shifting point of the War and the Southerners in Richmond began to debate about making peace.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1864, May 5-7: Spotsylvania County, Virginia (near Richmond) || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of the Wilderness  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Indecisive  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ulysses S. Grant VS. Gen. Robert E. Lee  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Longstreet, Robert E. Lee’s substitute for the sad death of Jackson, gets shot accidentally by his own troops in darkness. Coincidentally, it was only three miles away from where Stonewall Jackson had been shot by his own soldiers.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1864, May 8-21: Rapidan-Rappahannock, Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Spotsylvania (Court House)  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Indecisive  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ulysses S. Grant VS Confederates  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Although many Northerners began to protest against huge casualties of battle, but General Grant informed Lincoln that he was determined to win this war despite the loss of life.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1864, June 3: Richmond, (near) Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Cold Harbor  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Confederacy  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ulysses S. Grant VS. Gen. Robert E. Lee  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Hopeless frontal assaults yielded heavy casualties. 7,000 Union soldiers fell the first hour against the defensive Confederate troops. At Cold Harbor, many men pinned their names and addresses on their uniforms so their bodies could be identified if they were to die before the war ended.  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1865, April 9: Appomattox Court House, Virginia || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Appomattox Court House  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Union  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Gen. Ulysses S. Grant VS. Gen. Robert E. Lee  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">At a parlor belonging to Wilmer McLean, who had intentionally built it away from the war to ensure the safety of his family, Lee and Grant met and chatted about the weather and their service in the Mexican War. Grant accepted Lee’s surrender and allowed him and his men to take their horses and return home. Grant even offered to feed the starving Confederates army. Grant pointed out, “the rebels are our countrymen again.”  ||
 * <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">1865, May 12-13: near Rio Grande, Texas || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Battle of Palmito Ranch  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Confederacy  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">Colonel Theodore H. Barrett, Lieutenant Colonel David Branson VS Colonel John S. Ford  || <span style="display: block; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt; text-align: left;">The last battle of the American Civil War involved Natives, Africans, and Hispanic Americans. Confederates only had five wounds at Palmito Ranch, as 30 Union men were lost and 113 captured. The Battle did not affect the war at all and was a pointless waste of lives. The War ended. Colonel Ford abandoned his army 13 days after the battle to avoid a formal surrender.  ||

Reference: "Prentice Hall __America__ Pathways To The Present" Written by: Andrew Cayton, Elsabeth Israels Perry, Linda Reed, Allan M. Winkler

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Reference: "Prentice Hall __America__ Pathways To The Present" Written by: Andrew Cayton, Elsabeth Israels Perry, Linda Reed, Allan M. Winkler