CWP+F5

=THE CIVIL WAR OF THE UNITED STATES=

[[image:civil_war_soldiers-union_confederate_2.gif]]
Picture from Masonic Sourcebook: []

PART 1: Significant People
|| On the year of 1834 Lincoln was elected Illinois State Legislature where he pushed for a national bank, protective tariffs, and improving the country's transport infrastructures. During his left over time, Lincoln continues his law studies and passed his bar exam in 1836 and became a lawyer. In 1856 Lincoln ran against Stephen A. Douglas for a seat in Senate.But lost this fight. Many Southern slaveowners disliked Lincoln because of his intentions against slavery. So in 1860 when Lincoln was nominated as the Republican Party's presidential candidate the Southerners were upset. Lincoln won this election and upon Lincoln's victory seven southern states seceded from the Union and organized the Confederate States of America. Lincoln tried his best to keep a unified country however failed. Lincoln then persists in his conquest in defeating the 'rebels' during the Civil War. || Union || || Davis graduated from West Point. After graduating he served as a lieutenant in the Wisconsin Territory and took in the Black Hawk War. Davis resigned in the year 1835 and went back to be a planter in Vicksburg. Davis successfully won elections to the Senate in 1848. He served as Secretary of War after the death of his Father-in-Law, Zachary Taylor. Then when the Lincoln was elected into presidential office and 7 southern states seceded. Jefferson Davis was voted into the Presidency for the Confederate Statees of America. And stayed as President till the end of the Civil War. || Confederate || || Robert E. Lee is considered one of the most exceptional soldiers and generals of the Civil War. He was a huge icon for the South and led the Confederate Army, making clear his brilliant military skills and tactics. By 1861, he was the country’s most experienced and skilled generals, serving in the Mexican War and leading the capture of John Brown. He organized and led the Confederate Army as military advisor to Jefferson Davis and is responsible for the idea that prevented supplies from reaching McClellan’s troops and the Union Army. His clever tactic of splitting his army in two at Chancellorsville allowed him to defeat Hooker, although being badly outnumbered two to one. Lee led Confederate troops to Gettysburg, where he suffered heavy casualties and his decision to attack the North and not defend Vicksburg proved to be costly to the Confederate army. Grant, leading the Union Army, forced Lee to abandon Richmond and in 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse. Lee is best remembered for his brilliant defensive tactics and belief that the North had weak morale and willpower compared to the South. || Confederate ||
 * Ranking || Significant People || Importance || Union(North)/ Confederate(South) ||
 * 1. || **Abe Lincoln**
 * 2. || **Jefferson Davis**
 * 3. || **Robert E. Lee**
 * 4. || **Ulysses S. Grant **

 || Ulysses S. Grant was an important general, perhaps one of the most well-known generals, for the Union and also served as President in 1868. Born in Ohio, Grant served under General Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott in the Mexican War and won many awards for meritorious conduct during his army service. His first duty to the Civil War came in 1861, in which he successfully commanded a volunteer regiment and was soon appointed to brigadier general of volunteers. In 1862, Grant successfully attacked and took Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, forcing the Confederates to surrender whilst being promoted to major general of volunteers. Grant’s forces were nearly defeated in the Battle of Shiloh, turning out to be one of the bloodiest and most devastating battles of the Civil War. However, in October 1862, Grant showed off his reputation as a brilliant strategist and was able to skillfully win the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, splitting the Confederacy in two. He further weakened Confederate forces in Chattanooga. Grant’s incredible tenacity, skillful military tactics, and willingness to fight prompted Lincoln to appoint him General-in-Chief, in charge of all Northern armies. He later defeated Lee’s Confederate army, forcing him to surrender in 1865. After the war, he became a prominent symbol of the Union victory and was the presidential candidate for the Radical Republican Party, winning the election in 1868 and proceeded to serve two terms as president. However, his political career was very different from his military one; he was constantly associated with numerous scandals of corruption and faced racial conflicts. Grant lacked the political skill to rebuild the South and to manage the country’s rapid economic growth. He later became bankrupt and died of cancer. || Union || || Henry Clay played an extremely important role in American politics and society before the Civil War began. Known as the “Great Compromiser”, he proposed two main compromises: The Missouri Compromise in 1820 and the Compromise of 1850. Working to preserve the Union, Clay proposed the Compromise of 1850, hoping to satisfy the two very different regions in the United States. However, this just further agitated the two regions, separating them even further, and inflaming the slavery issue once again. The Missouri Compromise attempted to resolve the slavery issue and the fragile balance of power in the national government, but was later declared unconstitutional. Clay’s participation in politics was a key factor in the separation of the two regions, leading to the Civil War. || Neutral/Debatable || || T.J. Stonewall Jackson began his military career with the U.S. Army in the Mexican War, where he became good friends with Robert E. Lee. During the Civil War, he became a Brigadier General for the Confederate Army in which he led his troops to victory in the First Battle of Bull Run. His brilliance in the military field earned him an almost celebrity status in the South as he was promoted to Major general to defend Richmond against Union forces. In 1862, Jackson led his army through several successful military campaigns at Front Royal, Winchester, Cross Keys, and Port Republic, and eventually to the Seven Days Battle, the Second Battle of Bull Run, and also at the Battle of Antietam. Due to his military success, Jackson was promoted to lieutenant general of the Army of Northern Virginia. Other important victories for Jackson include the battle at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville with Robert E. Lee. However, in 1863, Jackson was accidentally shot by one of his troops, dying of pneumonia eight days later as a result of his left arm being amputated. Stonewall Jackson is remembered as one of the most brilliant leaders of the Confederate Army and as Robert E. Lee’s most trusted officer. || Confederate ||
 * 5. || **Henry Clay**
 * 6. || **Stonewall Jackson**
 * 7. || **William Tecumseh Sherman **

 || William Tecumseh Sherman is considered one of the Union’s greatest war heroes, and also as one of the most hated men in the South. Born in Lancaster, Ohio, Sherman studied at the U.S. Military Academy and served in San Francisco during the Mexican War. In 1861, Sherman started his career in the Union Army in the civil war as Colonel of a brigade in the First Battle of Bull Run, defeated by Confederate forces. In Kentucky, Sherman was promoted to Brigadier General under Robert Anderson, who was in command of Fort Sumter when Beauregard opened fire on it. Sherman later relieved Anderson of his duties and his demand for 200,000 men for his forces labeled him in the media as “crazy” and “insane”. In 1832, Sherman moved West and served in the Army of the Tennessee with Ulysses Grant and Major-General Halleck. He fought in the Battle of Shiloh, defeating the Confederate troops and later captured the city of Vicksburg with Grant. Sherman fought in the Battle of Chattanooga and was made supreme commander of the Western armies, beginning the Atlanta Campaign. Sherman met resistance from Confederate troops under Joe Johnston and Hood, but captured Atlanta in 1864 in record time. He ordered civilians to leave the city and burned it down, beginning his March to the Sea. Wanting to split the Confederacy, Sherman captured Savannah and won over Confederate armies in North and South Carolina. Joe Johnston surrendered in 1865 after Lee surrendered to Grant. Sherman’s military success helped Lincoln become re-elected and after the civil war, Grant promoted him as commander of the entire U.S. army. || Union ||  || George Brinton McClellan was a Union army general who played a vital role in organizing the Union army and also served briefly as the General-in-Chief of the Union Army. Born in Philadelphia, McClellan served under Winfield Scott during the Mexican War and also wrote several manuals for the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. He rose to prominence as a skilled engineer, becoming president and chief engineer of various railroads. However, once the Civil War broke out, McClellan returned to his military career by commanding the Department of Ohio. After the First Battle of Bull Run, McClellan began organizing and assembling the Army of the Potomac. He was appointed General-in-Chief in 1861 and drove Lee out of Maryland. However, his slow maneuvering and conflict with other leaders led to him being replaced by Burnside. In 1864, he lost to Lincoln in the presidential election as the Democratic candidate and later served as Governor of New Jersey. || Union ||  || James Ewell Brown Stuart, or Jeb Stuart, was a Major General for the Confederate Army in the South. He was famous for his intelligence gathering and reconnaissance skills under Robert Lee. Before the Civil War, Stuart was involved in conflicts with the Indians, Bleeding Kansas, and the final capture of abolitionist John Brown. During the Civil War, Stuart led his Army of Northern Virginia in the First Battle of Bull Run, Second Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Fredericksburg and at the Battle of Chancellorsville, in which he temporarily commanded Stonewall Jackson’s troops. His separation from Lee in the Battle of Gettysburg contributed to the Union victory and was heavily criticized. However, his ability to raid and skillfully maneuver around Union forces was evident when he circled McClellan’s troops in the Peninsula Campaign and after the Battle of Antietam, boosting the South’s morale and embarrassing the North. Stuart died at Yellow Tavern Crossroads in 1864, establishing himself as one of the South’s great leaders. || Confederate || || Harriet was an American reformer. Harriet came from an activist and influential New England family that included Lyman Beecher, her father.Harriet moved to Cincinnati in 1833. In Cincinnati, she acted as a active abolitionist and wrote on the subject. She wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, first published in 1851, in a year it became a bestseller. The book helped show people how slavery was morally wrong. Stowe wrote more than two dozen other books. || Union || || Douglass was a former slave who became a leader in the anti-slavery movement. Douglass was born into slavery but escaped. Douglass had great talent with speaking. After escaping he went to work with abolitionalist Willaim Lloyd Garrisson. Douglass travelled around the states and spoke on behalf of Garrison's paper, The Liberator. Douglass gained reputation as a great speaker and began his own anti-slavery publications. || Union || || Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard served as one of the first and leading generals of the Confederate Army. Serving in the Mexican War, Beauregard became the first brigadier general for the South and commanded forces in South Carolina at Fort Sumter and also at the First Battle of Bull Run. He is perhaps most well-known for saving Petersburg, Virginia from the Union Army and also defending Richmond, the Confederate capital. Beauregard’s importance is highlighted in the fact that he commanded the forces at Fort Sumter, which served as one of the starting points of the Civil War. || Confederate || || John Brown was an abolitionist who strongly opposed slavery, believing that he was chosen by God to end slavery in America. His violent killing of five men in Kansas caused chaos and violence, known as Bleeding Kansas. He also led a raid to steal weapons at a federal arsenal in Virginia to arm a slave rebellion. However, he was met by federal troops and sentenced to be killed. This attack at Harper’s Ferry further divided the two regions and was an important factor in starting the Civil War. || Union || || William started from poor beginnings, he started as a printer, then writer and editor of a town paper. Later he joined the anti-slavery movement. However unlike other abolitionist Lloyd believed in the necessity of an immediate emancipation. And his rather radical idea led him to form his own movement. In 1831, he published his first copy of The Liberator and in 1833 he cofounded the American Anti-Slavery Society. William Garrison became a very well-known abolitionist in the US and England during his time. || Union || || Scott was a slave born somwhere in Virginia and later sold to Dr. John Emerson.Emerson as an army doctor, moved around frequently. So under Dr. Emerson, Scott lived for long periods of time in different Forts. Scott lived for a total of seven years in areas closed to slavery. Scott filed a declaration on April 6, 1846, mentioning that Mrs. Emerson had beat, bruised, and ill treated him. Scott believed he could be free by the fact that he lived in a free state for a long enough time. He also had a precedented case to back him. Because in 1836, the Missouri Supreme Court had a similar case and decided to free the slave. However things were not quiet the same anymore the judges made a ruling against Scott and the case was dissolved. This case however increased tensions between the North and the South and further helped lead to the Civil War. || Abolitionist (Union) || || Calhoun served as a representative and a senator for South Carolina. John is well remembered for his push for 'states' rights and defense of slavery. Calhoun left Congress in 1817 and served as Secretary of War under the Monroe administration. John also was elected into Vice Presidency twice. John believed in the importance of the defense of minority rights. || Confederate ||  || <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕; font-size: 10pt;">George Edward Pickett was born in 1825 in Virginia, where he would later serve as a Major General. In 1847, Pickett served in the Mexican War, winning awards for his military actions and serving in Texas and the Pacific coast. He joined the Confederate Army in the Civil War and became brigadier general of the Virginia troops, later being promoted to Major General and joining the Army of Northern Virginia. He defeated an Irish brigade in Fredericksburg but would later be remembered for his terrible defeat in Gettysburg, called Pickett’s Charge. Pickett led his troops up Cemetery Ridge and lost nearly half of his brigade, his army crushed and defeated. He was promoted to command the Department of Virginia and North Carolina and led his troops to the Battle of Five Forks, in which his Confederate troops were defeated once again. Many men that survived Pickett’s Charge died at the Battle of Sailor’s and Pickett surrendered to Union forces. Pickett was put on parole and returned to Virginia to work as an insurance agent. Some Union generals such as Grant advocated pardoning Pickett but was only fully pardoned by Act of Congress one year before his death. || Confederate || || Burnside graduated from West point on the year of 1847. He served during the Mexican War but resigned soon after in 1853. As the Civil War broke out Burnside became a colonel in the Rhode Island Volunteers. And after being recognized his merits for fighting at the Bullrun he was promoted to brigadier general in the Union. Burnside took part in the Battle of Antietam. After this battle, Lincoln was becoming frustrated with the lack of decisiveness shown by McClellan and replaced him with Burnside. As soon he was named commander, he went to confront Robert E. Lee and his army at Frederisckburg, Virginia. Here Burnside suffered a disastrous defeat because he went with frontal attacks on the well defended Confederates. After this battle, Burnside was replaced by Joseph Hooker, and Burnside was put in charge of the Army of Ohio. || Union || <span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;"> || <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕; font-size: 10pt;">John Wilkes Booth was a touring actor known for assassinating President Abraham Lincoln. In 1859, he assisted Virginia troops in the capture of John Brown at Harper’s Ferry, but did not join the Confederate Army during the Civil War. Instead, Booth worked as a secret agent for the Confederate forces by smuggling medical supplies from the North to the South, using his occupation as a touring actor as a cover. Booth possessed a deep hatred towards the Republican Party and Lincoln, and upon hearing a speech made by Lincoln on giving some voter rights to African Americans, he began plotting an assassination attempt for the President. In April 1865, Booth discovered that Lincoln would be attending a play at Ford’s Theatre, and on April 14th, shot the President in the back of the head. Booth was later caught and shot by federal soldiers and died. His assassination was met with incredible nation-wide mourning for Lincoln and Andrew Johnson became the next president. || Confederate || || <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕; font-size: 10pt;">When he graduated from the United States Military Academy, A.P. Hill started his military career at an artillery unit of the Mexican-American War and the Seminole War. He later resigned from the army and became a colonel of Virginia and commanded a unit at the Battle of First Manassas. After his promotion to brigadier general, Hill served at the Battle of Williamsburg and the Peninsula campaign. For his leadership, he was promoted again to a major general in May 26, 1862. He commanded many battles such as the Seven Days Battles, the Battle of Cedar Mountain, the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam, and the Battle of Fredericksburg. As a result, Hill became an important part of Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson’s army and later went on to take over for wounded Jackson at the Battle of Chancellorsville to end up wounded himself. After this, Hill became a lieutenant general and was the commander of General Robert E. Lee’s 3rd corps. Although he received criticism at times for his decisions as a lieutenant, General Lee still considered Hill to be one of the best commanders of the Confederates. || Confederate || __**References:**__
 * 8. || **<span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">George Brinton McClellan **
 * 9. || **<span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">James Ewell Brown Stuart **
 * 10. || **Harriet Beecher Stowe**
 * 11. || **Frederick Douglass**
 * 12. || **Pierre Toutant Beauregard**
 * 13. || **John Brown**
 * 14. || **William Lloyd Garrison**
 * 15. || **Dred Scott**
 * 16. || **John C. Calhoun**
 * 17. || **<span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">George Edward Pickett **
 * 18. || **Ambrose Burnside**
 * 19. || **<span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">John Wilkes Booth **
 * 20. || **<span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Ambrose Powell Hill **

<span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">[] []
 * Public Broadcasting Service**

[]
 * Museum of the City of San Francisco**

[]
 * Home of the American Civil War**

[]
 * Gettysburg National Military Park Service**

[]
 * Spartacus Educational**

[]
 * Civil War Preservation Trust**

__ http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ulyssessgrant __
 * The White House**

**The National Archives** <span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[]

<span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[|http://www.who2.com]
 * <span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Who2?: Collection of Biographies **

PART 2: Battles
||= July, 1861 ||= Manassas, Prince William County VA ||= Confederate Victory ||= This battle is considered one of the first major battles of the Civil War. The Union Army, under the command of McDowell, attacked Confederate troops on Matthews Hill. At first, the Confederate soldiers were driven back, but reinforcement allowed them to push forward and drive the Union troops out.The Union Army ran back to Washington, but the Confederate Army was too confused and disorganized to follow them. This battle also marked the transfer of command of the Union army from McDowell to McClellan as Lincoln wanted better organization for the Union Army as a whole. This battle also made Jackson a bit of a local hero, as his refusal to run away and tenacity to continue fighting earned him the nickname "Stonewall". || ||= February,1862 ||= Stewart Country, Tennessee ||= Union Victory ||= The Union Army, commanded by Ulysses S. Grant fought the Confederates under Gideon J. Pillow and later Simon B. Buckner. The Confederates were forced into unconditional surrender by Fort Donelson after failing to break through Grant's investment lines. As a result, Kentucky would stay in the Union. Grants brilliant leadership and strategy earned him a //nom de guerre// (war name,) "Unconditional Surrender", and was promoted to a Major General. || ||= March, 1862 ||= Benton Country, Arkansas ||= Union Victory ||= Earl Van Dorn, who led the Confederate Army, went to outflank the Union Army under Samuel R. Curtis near Pea Ridge. However, the Union troops were able to counter attack, forcing the Confederate troops to withdraw slowly. This resulted in a Union victory,which gave them possession of the Missouri for the next two years. || ||= April, 1862 ||= Shiloh, Hardin County, Tennessee ||= Union Victory ||= Confederate troops on April 6th, launched a surprise attack on the Union Army, catching them off guard. However, the Union Army was able to set up a battle line called the “Hornet’s Nest” which was able to withstand some Confederate attacks. However, confederate troops were able to surround them, wounding and killing many. But this also led to the death of the Confederate commander, Johnston, leaving Beauregard in charge. The Union army set up another battle line around Pittsburg Landing and with the addition of Buell’s troops, were able to drive Beauregard out and force a retreat. Buell’s brigade increased the Northern army’s size to around 40,000 men, badly outnumbering the confederate troops, which amounted to less than 30,000. Beauregard, realizing that casualties were surmounting, retreated, resulting in a Union victory. || ||= August, 1862 ||= Manassas, Prince William County, VA ||= Confederate Victory ||= Stonewall Jackson and General Pope, who commanded the Union Army, fought for several hours at a site called Brawner Farm, which eventually resulted in a stalemate and casualties on both sides. Pope believed that he had Jackson trapped and proceeded to attack him flank, and was unaware of Longstreet who came as a reinforcement to Jackson's brigade. With this new addition of men and firepower on the Confederate side, Pope was driven back to Bull Run. The Union retreat was not as bad as the First Battle of Bull Run, however, and as Pope retreated to Centreville, Lee ordered his troops to follow him in pursuit. This battle is significant in the fact that it marked the final, decisive battle of the Northern Virginia Campaign. || ||= September, 1862 ||= Wasghington Country, Maryland ||= inconclusive ||= The Battle of Antietam started when Joseph Hooker, who led part of the Union Army, attacked the Confederates, under Robert Lee, at their left flank. With this, the Confederates counter-attacked, starting a <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">back to back shifting of attacks from the Union and the Confederates. This battle is significant in that it is remembered as the bloodiest day of the Civil War. || ||= Dec., 1862 ||= Fredericksburg, Virginia ||= Confederate Victory ||= This battle is remembered for the poor leadership of Ambrose Burnside, who commanded the Union Army. The Confederates and the Union Army were separated by the Rappahannock River. Burnside decided the cross the river directly in front of Lee to attack the Confederates on the other side of the bank, resulting in heavy casualties with this poor strategy. Finally, the Union Army decided to construct special bridges across the river to go to the other side. However, the Confederates afflicted heavy casualties on the Union Army and were able to defeat them. Union casualties amounted to 13,000 men, while the Confederates had 5,000. After this battle, Burnside resigned, once again shifting the Union Army's command. || ||= May, 1863 ||= Spotsylvania Country, Virginia ||= Confederate Victory ||= <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">Joseph Hooker was the Union commander while Robert E. Lee was that of the Confederates. Lee commanded a surprise attack and encircled Hook’s army without letting anybody know about his plan and thus won the battle. This battle is also known for Jackson’s serious injury that leads to his death. In the darkness, Jackson was wounded by some Confederate soldiers who mistook him for an enemy. || ||= September, 1863 ||= Catoosa County and Walker County, Georgia ||= Confederate Victory ||= Before the Battle of Chickamauga took place, Rosecrans, who led the Union troops, worked to force the confederates out of the city of Chattanooga. He split his army into 3 parts and forced Bragg’s soldiers out. However, Bragg was determined to win back the city and fought the Union soldiers in this battle. Bragg was able to assault the Union line and form a gap, allowing Longstreet to go through and drive out one-third of the Union army, leading to a Confederate victory. || ||= November, 1863 ||= Hamilton County and Chattanooga, Tennessee ||= Union Victory ||= Prior to this battle, confederate troops under Bragg continually attacked Rosecran’s union Army at Chattanooga, starving them of supplies.However, the Union Army was joined by Grant and Sherman, who provided reinforcements and more men. On November 23, Union troops attacked the Confederates and captured Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, and Missionary Ridge. This Union victory was significant in that one of the 2 major Confederate armies had been defeated. Also, the Union now held the city of Chattanooga, nicknamed the “Gateway to the Lower South”, which served as one of Sherman’s core bases in his Atlanta Campaign. || Draw ||= On May 5, 1864, the Union troops led by Grant attacked Ewell's corps on the Orange Turnpike.Meanwhile, A.P. Hill's corps met Confederate troops on Plank Road. Fierce fighting went on but it went no where. Both sides tried to move in the densely packed wilderness. By night, darkness stopped the fighting and both sides went to reinforcements. On May 6th, General Hancock attacked Union troops at Plank Road putting them into confusion. Then many small attacks and constant repulses happened back and forth. And the battle ended with a inconclusive result. || Courthouse ||= May, 1864 ||= County of Spotsylvania ||= No one side really wins this battle ||= On May 5, 1864, the Union troops led by Grant attacked Ewell's corps on the Orange Turnpike.Meanwhile, A.P. Hill's corps met Confederate troops on Plank Road. Fierce fighting went on but it went no where. Both sides tried to move in the densely packed wilderness. By night, darkness stopped the fighting and both sides went to reinforcements. On May 6th, General Hancock attadcked Union troops at Plank Road putting them into confusion. Then many small attacks and constant repulses happened back and forth. And the battle ended with a inconclusive result. || ||= June, 1864 ||= City of Petersburg, Virginia ||= Confederate Victory ||= <span style="font-family: 맑은 고딕;">In this battle, the Union Commanders were George G. Meade and Ulysses S. Grant and the <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Confederate Commanders P. G. T. Beauregard and Robert E. Lee. Meade’s Army crossed the James River and Butler’s crossed the Appomattox River to attack the Petersburg defenses. The defenders of Petersburg were under the command of Beauregard and were taken back to Harrison Creek. Later on, Lee got reinforcement while Beauregard defended the city. The chance to capture Petersburg without a siege was lost when the Corps suffered heavy casualties from attacks. || ||= November, 1864 ||= Spring Hill, Tennessee ||= Union Victory ||= The Battle of Spring Hill served as one of the most controversial non-fighting events of the entire Civil War. The Union Army was led by John M. Schofield, who fought against the Confederates, led by John Bell Hood. This battle served as the prelude to the Battle of Franklin. || ||= April, 1865 ||= Appomattox County, VA ||= Union Victory, end of Civil War ||= Robert E. Lee and his Confederate Army had gone through numerous defeats and was dwindiling in numbers. Lee decided to make one last attempt in escaping the Union army to reach his supplies at the city of Lynchburg. The confederates attacked, and at first won some ground, but were then crushed by the newly-arriving Union infantry. This defeat resulted in Lee being surrounded by all three sides and hs surrender to Grant on April 9. This battle marked the end of the Civil war with Lee’s surrender and was the final, decisive war in Virginia. ||
 * = **__Battles__** ||= **__Date__** ||= **__Location__** ||= __**Outcome**__ ||= **__Facts__** ||
 * = First Battle of Bull Run
 * = Battle of Fort Donelson
 * = Battle of Pea Ridge
 * = Battle of Shiloh
 * = Battle of Williamsburg ||= May, 1862 ||= Williamsburg ||= Victory of North ||= During the battle of Williamsburg, the Confederates were holding their line at Williamsburg. The first clash was between the Confederate vanguard led by Maj. Gen. Joseph and the Confederate rearguard. On May 5, Hooker conducted a assault on Fort Magruder, but was repulsed. The Union line was pushed back by strong Confederate defenses. Then Brig. Gen. Philip Kearny's divison arrived to help the Union . The Confederates this time failed a counterattack and went back to defense. Meanwhile, Brig. Gen. Winfield Scott's brigade had marched behind the Confederate left flank and settled along the Cub Creek. Then Winfield's men starts shelling the Confederate flank and rear. That night the Confederates abandon their position and march having successfully delaying the Union advance. ||
 * = Battle of Seven Pines ||= May, 1862 - June, 1862 ||= Henrico County ||= Both Sides claim victory ||= On May 31, Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston tried to surprise take over two federal corps that seemed isolated on the south of the Chickahominy River. The Confederate attacks successfully drived back the Corps and inflicted heavy damage on the Union troops. Then Reinforcements arrived and both sides invested more and more troops into battle. With several corps reinforcing the Union position the Union troops were finally stabilized. General Johnston was wounded during battle, and command of the army was vested on Major General G.W. Smith temporarily. On June the first, the Confederates attacked the Union and its reinforcements but made little damage. Both sides then claim victory. ||
 * = 2nd Battle of Bull Run
 * = Battle of Antietam
 * = Battle of Corinth ||= October, 1862 ||= Alcorn County ||= Union Victory ||= Confederate Maj General Sterling Price marched from Baldwyn to Ripley with his troops and there he joined Major General Earl Van Dorn and his men. The Confederates marched towards Pocahontas at first and then moved towards Corinth. They wanted to take control of Corinth and bring their forces into Tennessee. However the Union troops at Corinth were well fortified and the defenses were well set. When the Confederates arrived on October the third they slowly pushed the Federals back. When a gap formed between the two Union brigades the Confeds used this, the Union troops were working hard to close this gap. General Price then attacked and drove the Union troops back into their inner defense. Van Dorn, the confederate commander, was confident he could finish the Union men off the next day so he went back and waited for the next day. Van Dorn planned a attack as early as the sun rises however the attack was delayed till 9 AM. As the Confederates started their assault, Union artillery shelled the field causing many casualties, but the Confederates continued. They sieged Battery Powell and surrounded Battery Robinett. A few rebels made it into Corinth, but were pushed back then the Union quickly drove them out and regained control over Battery Powell forcing them out. As a result, Van Dorn lost, and fled ||
 * = Battle of Fredericksburg
 * = Battle of Chancellorsville
 * = Battle of Gettysburg ||= July, 1863 ||= Gettysburg, PA ||= Union Victory ||= General Robert E. Lee focused his men on General George Meade's Army at the county of Gettysburg. On July 1, Confederates came in from the west and the north, driving Union lines back to the area of Cemetery Hill. By night, reinforcements came for both sides. The next day, Lee tried to surround the Union troops, first assaulting their left flank and them attaking the Union at its right side. By night, the Union troops held Little Round Top and had fended off most of Ewell's men. The next day the Confederate lost their last hold at Culp's Hill. That afternoon, Lee attacked the Union troops at Cemetery Ridge. Their the well known Pickett's Charge pierced Union lines for a moment but was driven back with many casualties. Then Stuart tried to use his calvary to take over the Union's rear but was fended off. By July 4, Lee began withdrawing his men towards Williamsport on the Potomac River. ||
 * = Battle of Chickamauga
 * = 3rd Battle of Chattanooga
 * = Battle of the Wilderness ||= May, 1864 ||= Spotsylvania County ||= Inconclusive,
 * = Battle of Spotsylvania
 * = Battle of Cold Harbor ||= May, 1864 to June, 1864 ||= Hanover County ||= Confederate Victory ||= On May 31, Union calvary led by Sheridan seized the crossroads of Old Cold Harbor, Then early on June the first, Sheridan's troops counterattacked a Confederate infantry. Confederate reinforcements then arrived from Richmond. Later that day, Unoin corps reached Cold Harbor and attacked the Confederate lines. On June 2, both armies had tooken front on the field. On June 3, the Union troops made an attack against Confederate lines and were massacred. The armies kept their lines till the night of June 12, On June 15, the Union troops began crossing a bridge at Weyanoke. Grant thought it'd be best to shiift his army quickly to the south of the river to threaten Petersburg. ||
 * = Battle of Petersburg
 * = Battle of Spring Hill
 * = Battle of Appomattox Court House

__**References:**__ US Army Center of Military History: []

Civil War Preservation Trust: []

The Civil War (for pictures only): []

Encyclopedia Virginia: []

PART 3: **__CIVIL WAR TIMELINE__** __**References:**__

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 * Public Broadcasting Service**

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 * Museum of the City of San Francisco**

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 * Home of the American Civil War**

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 * Gettysburg National Military Park Service**

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 * Spartacus Educational**

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 * Civil War Preservation Trust**

__ http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ulyssessgrant __
 * The White House**

**The National Archives** <span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[]

<span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">[|http://www.who2.com]
 * <span style="font-family: '맑은 고딕'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">Who2?: Collection of Biographies **

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 * US Army Center of Military History:**

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 * The Civil War (for pictures only):**

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 * Encyclopedia Virginia:**